Alfred, king of Wessex (871–899), a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England. [56], Shortly after Easter 871, which fell on 15 April in that year, Æthelred died. [24][d] She may have been Mercian[27] or a daughter of Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire, who forfeited his lands after being charged with deserting King Alfred for the Danes in about 878, perhaps because he attempted to secure Viking support for his elder grandson Æthelhelm's claim to the throne against Alfred. (See House of Wessex family tree). [35][f], The character of Viking attacks on England decisively changed in the year that Æthelred succeeded to the throne. [61] Æthelhelm died before Alfred, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with Edward the Elder after Alfred's death in 899. Aethelred I, (died April 871), king of Wessex and of Kent (865/866–871), son of Aethelwulf of Wessex. [65] Æthelweard and his son Æthelmær were leading magnates who governed west Wessex as ealdormen of the western provinces. [1] Some historians see the bequest as including the whole of Æthelwulf's bookland, his personal property which he could leave in his will (as opposed to the folkland which passed according to customary law and property earmarked for the support of the crown); it is further argued that it was considered desirable that the bookland would be kept by the king, so Æthelwulf's provision implies that the throne would pass to each brother in turn. [43], However, the victory was short-lived. [12], Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated at Carhampton. [32], In 868, Æthelred issued a charter which was attested by a Mercian ætheling and himself attested a charter issued by his sister, Æthelswith, as queen of Mercia. [30] When Alfred succeeded, the supporters of Æthelred's infant sons complained that Alfred should have shared the property with them, and Alfred had his father's will read to a meeting of the witan to prove his right to keep the whole of the property. King Æthelred I of Wessex (Old English: Æþelræd, sometimes rendered as Ethelred, "noble counsel"; c. 847 – 871) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. [19][c], Æthelred succeeded to the throne on Æthelberht's death in 865, and he married Wulfthryth at an unknown date. [15], Æthelred was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf. Æthelred succeeded his elder brother Æthelberht and was followed by his youngest brother, Alfred the Great. [5] The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to Viking attacks. Charters of King Æthelred of Wessex‎ (2 F) Coins of Æthelred I of Wessex‎ (6 F) Media in category "Æthelred I of Wessex" The following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. He succeeded his brother Ethelbert at the time of the invasion of England by the "Great Heathen Army".He was the first of the four sons of Athelwulf not to rule as "under-king" before he became king of Wessex. Both sides formed their forces into shield walls. By his father’s will he should have succeeded to Wessex on the death of his eldest brother Aethelbald (d. 860). The area had been under the rule of that dynasty since 519 AD. The faith of the Christian king counted for much with the Lord, as shall be shown more clearly in what follows. Both he and his brother were too young to inherit the throne in 871 and it passed to their uncle King Alfred the Great (Ælfred) who granted them both lands. Anglo-Saxon king of Wessex, and son of King Æthelwulf, who ruled England during a time of great pressure from the invading Danes. 2 He gained the title of King Ethelwald of York in 901. The town is between the Thames and Kennet rivers, and they set about building a ditch and rampart on the southern side between the two rivers. King Æthelred of Wessex (Old English: Æþelræd, sometimes rendered as Ethelred) (c. 840 – April 23, 871) was the fourth son of King Æthelwulf, and an older brother of Alfred the Great. [14] Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son, Æthelberht, as king of Kent. He was born around AD 847 to Aethelwulf's first wife Osburh. He ascended the throne after his half brother King Edward the martyr was assassinated in Mar 978. King Aethelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred marched north with an army but by the time they arrived Burgred had paid the Vikings to leave thus avoiding battle. [42] The historian Barbara Yorke, who sees Asser's biography as intended to portray Alfred as an ideal king, comments that "Asser is particularly careful to give much credit to Alfred". [64] They include Ealdorman Æthelweard, who recorded in his Latin version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that he was Æthelred's great-great-grandson. Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd[a], Ælfrǣd[b], "elf counsel" or "wise elf"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. Æthelred I, sometimes rendered as Ethelred, was born in Circa 847 in Wessex, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom located in the south of Great Britain. Historians do not believe that he was consecrated king at this young age and the real nature of the ceremony is explained in an extract from a letter of Pope Leo IV to Æthelwulf, which records that he decorated Alfred "as a spiritual son, with the dignity of the belt and the vestments of the consulate, as is customary with Roman consuls". Historians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne. The combined Mercian and West Saxon armies were unable to breach the earth ramparts and ditch, and eventually Burgred bought them off. Æthelred succeeded his brother Æthelbeorht as king in late 865 or early 866 [" Her feng Æþered Æþelbryhtes broþur to Wesseaxna rice; " ASC(A) s.a. 866]. Stephen, King of England and John, King of England are in line with "Æthelred I, King of Wessex". When the West Saxons saw this, they decided to copy the formation, with Æthelred facing the kings and Alfred the earls. Æthelberht (Old English pronunciation: [ˈæðelberˠxt]; also spelled Ethelbert or Aethelberht) was the King of Wessex from 860 until his death in 865. [23][e] The West Saxon charters of Æthelred and his elder brothers followed a uniform style, suggesting that they were produced by a single agency which operated over a number of years. In early January 871, Æthelred was defeated at the Battle of Reading. Ethelred (also spelled Æthelred) II, King of England from 978 to 1016, called Ethelred the Unready (“unraed” meaning evil council, that is, he made poor decisions). Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign. [55] Alfred kept the Lunettes design for a short period following his accession in 871, but the design disappears from hoards deposited after around 875. [66] Another son, Æthelnoth, was Archbishop of Canterbury, and he lived until 1038. 2 He was the son of Æthelred I, King of Wessex. Aethelred I (King) of WESSEX (& ENGLAND) reigned 5 years; (AETHELVVLFING) Born: abt. Over the next five years the Vikings conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, and at the end of 870 they launched a full-scale attack on Wessex. Æthelred's accession coincided with the arrival of the Viking Great Heathen Army in England. Lyons and Mackay see the change as even more crucial: The developments of the late 860s can thus be viewed as an essential precursor that eventually led to the unified reform coinage of Edgar. Æthelred I (Old English: Æthel-ræd; 845/848 – 871) was King of Wessex from 865 until his death. [67], Æthelred as depicted in the early-fourteenth-century, Obverse (left) and reverse (right) of early Four Line coin of Æthelred. A large force of Vikings, called by contemporaries the Great Heathen Army, arrived in East Anglia. He was succeeded by his son, Edmund II Ironside. Previously the country had suffered from sporadic raids, but now it faced invasion aiming at conquest and settlement. However, Æthelred said that he had attempted many times to divide it but had found it too difficult, and he would instead leave the whole to Alfred on his death. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. He was the fourth son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. When Aethelwulf died in 858, his eldest son, Ethelbald, was already ruling Wessex. King Ethelred of Wessex (Old English: Æþelræd) (c. 840 – April 23, 871) was the fourth son of King Ethelwulf of Wessex, and an older brother of Alfred the Great. *Æthelred I King of Wessex born about 0843 died about 0872 father: *Æthelwulf King of England born 0806 died 13 January 0858 buried Stamridge mother: *Osburga of Wessex born about 810 Wessex, England died 0849 siblings: *Alfred the Great King England born 0849 Wantage, Berkshire, England died 0911 Æthelstan Æthelbald King of England Ethelbert Æthelred and Alfred led a large West Saxon army to Nottingham and besieged the Vikings, but they refused to leave the safety of the town's defences. Following Æthelred's death in 871, the throne and the position of Grand Maegester was passed to his brother Alfred.[1]. The other two sons were much younger: Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899. [52] The bulk of surviving Æthelred I coins are of the Regular Lunettes design, with 118 coins struck by 21 moneyers, six of whom are known to have also worked for Burgred; the coins are notable for consistency in design and good quality of execution, and they were mainly produced by Canterbury moneyers, with a few in the Mercian town of London. [59] In 876, the Vikings returned, and Alfred fought a guerrilla war until he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington in 878. It lasted 150 years. He died shortly after Easter. The first charter which Æthelred witnessed was S 308 in 854. Æthelbald only survived his father by two years and Æthelberht then for the first time united Wessex and Kent into a single kingdom. [48] The historian and numismatist Rory Naismith comments that Æthelred, took the important step of adopting a new coin-type based not on local tradition, but on the Lunettes-type current in contemporary Mercia. The other two sons were much younger: Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899. There was then a lull of two months until the West Saxons and the Vikings met at an unknown location called Meretun. He was forced to buy off the Vikings, who then withdrew to London. Although Asser emphasises Alfred's role in the victory and implies that Æthelred was dilatory, in the view of the military historian John Peddie, Æthelred was militarily correct to delay joining the battle until the situation was in his favour. U.S. President [WASHINGTON] 's 26-Great Grandfather. According to Asser's account, the Vikings arrived first at the battle ground and deployed along the top of the ridge, giving them the advantage. When Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelred and Alfred, who were still young, agreed to entrust their share to the new king, Æthelberht, on a promise that he would return it to them intact. Names such as Eleanor of Aquitaine follow reliable sources, whereas no reliable source has "Æthelred I of Wessex" so far as I can discover. [4], At the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the Anglo-Saxons. He married Queen Wulfthyryth of Wessex about 0864. Æthelred's reign was important numismatically. Simon Keynes analysed Æthelred's West Saxon charters (not his Kentish ones) in his "The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his Sons". His first Four Line issue was stylistically similar to the Floriate Cross penny of his predecessor, Æthelberht, but he soon abandoned this and adopted the design of his Mercian brother-in-law, Burgred, resulting in a common coinage design across southern England for the first time. The name of Æthelred's wife is only known because she was recorded as a witness to one charter, S 340 of 868, where she is shown as Wulfthryth regina, suggesting that she had a higher status than other kings' wives. He was the fourth son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex. HM George I's 23-Great Grandfather. Æthelred I, d. soon after Easter, 871, bur Wimborne, king of Wessex, 865×6-871; prob. Æthelred had two sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold, who were passed over for the kingship on their father's death because they were still infants. He was also the Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients, a position he inherited from his father, King Æthelwulf. It is not known why the Mercian design was adopted, but it probably reflects the fact that the Lunette type had already been used for more than twelve years, the simplicity of the design, which could easily be copied, and the greater strength of the Mercian economy. Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England. According to Asser: "Alfred and his men reached the battlefield sooner and in better order: for his brother, King Æthelred, was still at his tent in prayer, hearing Mass and declaring firmly that he would not leave that place alive before the priest had finished Mass, and that he would not forsake divine service for that of men; and he did what he said. Poss. 843 Died: 871 k. at Battle of Merton. [57] He was buried at the royal minster at Wimborne in Dorset, which had been founded by Saint Cuthburh, a sister of his ancestor, Ingild. Between one and one and a half million Æthelred I Regular Lunette coins were produced, but this seems to have been significantly less than in Mercia. His mother, Osburh, was of West Saxon royal descent. According to the historian Sean Miller, Æthelred was probably a year or so older than his younger brother, the future Alfred the Great, who was born 848–9,[16] but Richard Abels says that Æthelred was around eight years old in 853, which would mean he was born about 845. [46] As of 2007, 152 coins of Æthelred struck by 32 different moneyers have been recorded. Æthelwald, King of York was born circa 868. King of Wessex Ethelred I was born around 834 and like his father Ethelwulf, was a man of great piety, nd had been brought up very religiously by his mother, Queen Osburh. [62] One of the two places where Æthelwold launched his rebellion was Wimborne, which was symbolically important as his father's burial place. He succeeded his brother, Æthelberht of Wessex (-865), as King of Wessex and Kent in 865. Athelred or Æthelred (c. 845 –c. Alfred was forced to pay off the Vikings, but he scored a decisive victory over them seven years later at the Battle of Edington. King Æthelred and his younger brother Alfred allied themselves with their brother-in-law Burghred King of Mercia to fight the Danes near Nottingham in Autumn 868, but Burghred bought peace without fighting. He may have acted as an underking before his accession, as in 862 and 863 he issued his own charters as King of the West Saxons. Ethelred succeeded his brother Ethelbert in 866 to a land that was being ravaged mercilessly by the full fury of savage Viking onslaughts. [58] While Alfred was attending his funeral, the West Saxons suffered another defeat at Reading, and Alfred himself was then defeated at Wilton. Æthelred I (or Aethelred or Ethelred; Old English Æthel-ræd, meaning "noble counsel";[1] 845/848 to 871) was King of Wessex from 865 until his death in 871. [b] This made Ecgberht an ætheling – a prince eligible for the throne. Two weeks later, Æthelred and Alfred were defeated at the royal estate of Basing in the Battle of Basing. Æthelred may have had a third son, Oswald or Osweald, who witnessed two charters in 868 as. [33] Æthelred used several different titles in his charters. Æthelred's brother-in-law, King Burgred, appealed to him for help. He was king of Wessex from 858 to 860.He witnessed his father's charters as a kings' son in the 840s, and in 850 he received the rank of Ealdorman. The Vikings suffered heavy losses, including King Bagsecg and five earls, Sidroc the Old, Sidroc the Younger, Osbern, Fræna and Harold. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since Ceawlin in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty. In late 867 they took Nottingham in Mercia and spent the winter there. File:Charter S 338 dated 867 of King Æthelred I of Wessex photographed by Dudley Miles from E A Bond, Facsimilies of Ancient Charteres in the British Museum, Part II, … The death of Bishop Heahmund in the battle dates the sequence of events, as it is known that he died on 22 March 871. The historian Pauline Stafford suggests that Æthelred may have chosen to highlight his wife's status as queen in a charter in order to assert his own sons' claims to the succession. 1 He died circa 903, killed in action. They then marched on York and conquered Northumbria, installing a puppet king. For two hundred years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. On Alfred's death in 899 his elder brother Æthelwold contested the succession and was killed. He is called by his father's usual title, Rex Occidentalium Saxonum (King of the West Saxons) in the charter of Ealhswith which he witnessed, and in five of his own. According to Asser, he "went the way of all flesh, having vigorously and honourably ruled the kingdom in good repute, amid many difficulties, for five years". The year 865 thus saw not only the arrival of the Viking great army that would dismantle most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, but also the beginning of the end for separate coinages in separate kingdoms.[49]. Æthelred I (Old English: Æthel-ræd; 845/848 – 871) was King of Wessex from 865 until his death. Wulfthryth and Æthelred had two known sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold. [j] His reign is described by the numismatists Adrian Lyons and William Mackay as "a critical point in the development of the English coinage". Æthelred first attested his father's charters in 854 as a king's son, a title he retained through the reigns of his brothers Æthelbald and Æthelberht until he himself became king in 865. He was a weak king who reigned at the height of Danish power. He was the third son of King Æthelwulf by his first wife, Osburh. [29] However, other historians assert that the bequest had nothing to do with the kingship,[11] and Alfred Smyth argues that the bequest was provision for Æthelwulf's young sons when they reached adulthood, with Æthelbald as trustee and residuary beneficiary if they died young. King Eadwig was forced to accept annulment of his marriage to Ælfgifu due to consanguinity; she may have been Æthelweard's sister, which would make her Eadwig's third cousin once removed due to her descent from Æthelred, and thus within the forbidden degrees of relationship according to the church. Coin hoards in Wessex dating to the earlier period of separate coinage designs have few non-Wessex coins, but after the adoption of the common Lunettes design, coins of Wessex and Mercia were used in both kingdoms, and even in Wessex hoards coins of Æthelred I form a minor proportion of the total. The, History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066), "The Beginning of the Year in the Alfredian Chronicle (866–87)", "Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966x8–1016)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Æthelred_I,_King_of_Wessex&oldid=1017885744, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 April 2021, at 04:01. [39] According to the twelfth-century chronicler Gaimar, Æthelred and Alfred only escaped due to their better knowledge of the local terrain, which allowed them to lose their pursuers by fording the River Loddon at Twyford and going on to Whistley Green, which is around 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) east of Reading. 871) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. Alfred was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with him. The Vikings then went back to York. Dudley Miles (talk) 20:13, 30 December 2018 (UTC) After another four days, on about 4 January 871, Æthelred and Alfred brought up the main West Saxon army and joined Æthelwulf's forces for an attack on the Danes in the Battle of Reading. [a] This convergence of the coinage is also tangible evidence for a growing collaboration between Mercia and Wessex which foreshadowed the eventual creation of a unified England. He prevented England from falling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. In 874 the Vikings took control of Mercia and drove Burgred and Æthelswith into exile. The location of the battle is unknown, but may be Kingstanding Hill, 13 miles (21 kilometres) north-west of Reading. The Midland kingdom of Mercia dominated southern England, but its supremacy came to an end in 825 when it was decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the Battle of Ellendun. In the battle on 22 March the Vikings again divided into two divisions and the West Saxons had the advantage for much of the day, putting both divisions to flight, but the Vikings regrouped and finally held control of the battlefield. In 856 Æthelwulf married Judith , daughter of Charles the Bald , King of West Francia and future Holy Roman Emperor , … Æthelberht was first recorded as a witness to a charter in 854. Æthelhelm or Æþelhelm (c. 859–923) was the younger son of Æthelred of Wessex (Æþelræd). PM Churchill's 25-Great Grandfather. [6] In 853, King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. The West Saxons lost many important men, including Heahmund, the Bishop of Sherborne. He reigned as King of Wessex. [37][g], In 869 the Vikings returned to East Anglia and conquered the kingdom, killing King Edmund. [28], Alfred records in the preamble to his will that Æthelwulf had left property jointly to three of his sons, Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, with the proviso that the brother who lived longest would succeed to all of it. [40], Four days later, on about 8 January, the armies met again in the Battle of Ashdown. In 856 Æthelwulf married Judith , daughter of Charles the Bald , King of West Francia and future Holy Roman Emperor , … They were not usually given the title of regina (queen), an omission which Alfred the Great justified on the ground of the misconduct of a queen at the beginning of the ninth century. But after Ecgberht's reign, descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling. He was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, four of whom in turn became king. Æthelwold and his brother Æthelhelm were still infants when their father the king died while fighting a Danish Viking invasion. This must have been as deputy or in the absence of his elder brother, King Æthelberht, as there is no record of conflict between them and he continued to witness his brother's charters as a king's son in 864. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Four days later, he scored a victory in the Battle of Ashdown, but this was followed by two defeats at Basing and Meretun. He succeeded his brother, Æthelberht, as King of Wessex and Kent in 865. He is "King of the West Saxons and the Men of Kent" in two, and "King" and "King of the Saxons" in one each. 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