One of the first charters that Aethelflaed witnesses is for the fortification of the old Roman city of Worchester. In Mercia, Aethelwulf’s men find the queen and her little prince in a tower. In 874 CE, they drove Burgred from the throne and he fled to Rome where he later died. His successor, Pybba (r. c. 595 - c. 606 CE), consolidated the kingdom and pushed its boundaries west. Aethelflaed designed and constructed these burhs between 912-917 CE, all of which would later grow into towns and cities, while also fighting off Viking raiders and governing her lands. In 655 CE, however, he was challenged by Oswald's brother Oswiu (r. 642-670 CE) who controlled the northern region of Northumbria. Offa's son Ecgfrith reigns briefly in Mercia. His brother, Brihtwulf, is ruling as king, but his niece, Kwenthrith, is trying to depose him. Police have seized Viking coins at properties in Lancashire and Durham (Image: PA) In 874 the Vikings marched into Mercia, drove their king Burgred into exile and took the kingdom. After successfully paying the Vikings to leave Mercia in 871, he was overwhelmed and forced to flee England when they invaded Mercia again in 874. He tells Kwenthrit… He suggested Aethelred do the same in Mercia. None of these women were related to the Mercian king Burgred who, unlike his depiction in the show, was neither a rapist nor a weak-willed man easily led by others. Of the Mercian laws, which did exist, and of the kingdom's historiography, which might have done, few elements survive. From the very first raids to the rising of the Great Viking Army, uncover the history of the Norsemen in Britain and beyond. Unlike the depiction in the TV series, Mercia was not a discordant kingdom easily taken or manipulated by other kings. King Ceolwulf II cedes eastern part of Mercia to Vikings; end of united Mercian kingdom. England Therefore, Aethelflaed took over the governmental reins. Mark, published on 30 November 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. These kingdoms had something which Mercia did not, however: written records which survived to tell their story. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. He was succeeded by Coenwulf (r. 796-821 CE), a descendant of Penda. He reigned for 39 years, during which time he conquered the Kingdom of Kent, took Sussex, and arranged for the marriage of his daughter Eadburh (c. 787-802 CE) to Beorhtric, king of Wessex (r. 786-802 CE) and so easily controlled that kingdom as well. Old English (West Saxon dialect) (2018, November 30). A later scribe of the 12th century CE, most likely upset over her challenge to church authority, used her as the villainess in his story of the murder of St. Kenelm but there is no historical basis for that tale. King Brihtwulf For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. He was defeated at the Battle of Bedwyn in 675 CE by Aescwine of Wessex (r. 674-676 CE) who reclaimed southern regions from Mercia. Scholar Roger Collins comments: The Viking conquests of the ninth century and the wars of the tenth apparently so effectively destroyed the material and intellectual records of the Mercian kingdom that all that now survive are a handful of charters, a small number of manuscripts (notably the Book of Cerne), some splendid if fragmentary stone carvings in the church of Breedon-on-the-Hill, and the great frontier dyke that Offa (almost certainly) built between his realm and those of the Welsh kings. King Aethelred II reigns in Mercia; submits to Alfred the Great of Wessex as overlord. The king of Wessex, King Ecbert, appears to offer his support. For the Anglo-Saxons, it was Ethelfleda (Ethelflaeda) the "Lady of The Mercians", the daughter of Alfred The Great and the scourge of the Vikings. From 802 CE, Wessex had been ruled by King Egbert who had been quietly building an army and equipping it. Posts about Mercia written by Tim. By 883, he was replaced by Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, who became ruler of Mercia with the support of … Burgred, King of Mercia King of Mercia for over twenty years. Tamworth The chaotic nature of the Mercian court and nobility in the show is drawn from the reigns of various monarchs, Offa among them, who tended to eliminate people who interfered with their plans. His decision allowed him to turn the situation to his advantage as he managed to use the Vikings to defeat the uprising in Mercia. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. It is thought that these early Viking invasions brought the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex much closer together, in order to defeat their common enemy. This was a much larger military force than had been seen before. Ceolwulf II was succeeded by Aethelred II (r. 883-911 CE) who refused to submit to the Danes and allied himself with Alfred the Great. Ecbert also used the Vikings to solve his problems with the Mercian rebellion only to imprison Kwenthrith and take their victory for himself. Aethelflaed became a hunted refugee, along w… In 878 the Vikings in Mercia were attacked and defeated by King Alfred of Wessex. Learn More. The lack of information on these and later kings – as well as much of Mercian history – is due to the Viking raids and wars with Wessex. Although formerly considered the strongest of the three principal English Kingdoms, Mercia has recently been weakened by a civil war over the rights of succession of Queen Kwenthrith. Demonym: Ecbert now rules Mercia, which dissatisfies Kwenthrith. King Burgred reigns in Mercia; deposed by, King Ceolwulf II cedes eastern part of Mercia to, King Aethelred II reigns in Mercia; submits to, Aelfwynn deposed by Edward the Elder of Wessex; Mercia becomes part of. It was later controlled by Wessex under Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 CE) and lost any autonomy completely under his son Edward the Elder (r. 899-924 CE). Christianity Wednesbury has a long history. King Ecbert returns after victory over the royal council of Mercia. But the year 865 saw a major change in activity by the Scandinavian invaders. However, D. P. Kirby argues that he probably reigned East Anglia was able to throw off Mercian dominance and sided with Wessex and Beornwulf was killed trying to suppress this rebellion in 826 CE. He established a clear boundary between the two kingdoms and secured an alliance by marrying into the Northumbrian royal family. https://vikings.fandom.com/wiki/Mercia?oldid=45460. King Wulfhere reigns in Mercia; reunites the kingdom. They converted to Christianity and settled on the land in East Anglia. In 886 CE, Alfred conquered the Danes of London and was recognized as king of the Anglo-Saxons but this did not resolve the problem of Viking attacks and Aethelred had been too busy fighting off raids and administering his kingdom to initiate Alfred's system of burhs. Penda's son and successor, Peada (r. 655-656 CE) converted to Christianity before taking the throne and every Mercian king after him would be Christian. By c. 794 CE King Offa was so powerful that he was able to take control of East Anglia by ordering the. Absolute Monarchy When Edward died, he was succeeded by Aethelstan who would rule as King of the Anglo Saxons 824-927 CE and as the first King of England from 927-939 CE. When the time came, he went back on his word and killed the Vikings to please his people as he had always planned. He then allied with the Welsh king Cadwallon ap Cadfan (r. c. 625-634 CE) to defeat Edwin of Northumbria (r. 616-633 CE) at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633 CE. The Northumbrian victory resulted in the Christianization of Mercia (since it seemed clear the Christian god of Oswiu was stronger than Penda's) and division of the kingdom. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce (West Saxon dialect; Merce in the Mercian dialect itself), meaning "border people" (see March). Ceolwulf II, King of Mercia Ruled Mercia as a puppet king for the Vikings between 874 and 879. In 892 CE the Vikings struck Mercia under the command of the legendary leader Hastein (also known as Hasting, 9th century CE). Mercia was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. We know about them through archaeology, poetry, sagas and proverbs, treaties, and the writings of people in Europe a… 793: The end is … Largest city: Mercian power was broken by King Egbert of Wessex (r. 802-839 CE) and, as Wessex grew in power, Mercia declined and was further weakened by repeated Viking raids. Web. Wigstan was succeeded by Beorhtwulf (r. 840-852 CE) who was the first Mercian king to experience the Viking raids. In 842 CE the Vikings sacked the Mercian city of London and left but they returned in 851 CE with a fleet of 350 ships which sailed up the Thames and attacked Canterbury and London again. Predecessors: She was also the sister of the late Prince Kenelm, who's since been sainted by the pope, and Burgred, who was fighting with her uncle, Brihtwulf, to prevent Kwenthrith from claiming Mercia as her own. Mark, J. J. Mercia was previously considered to be the strongest of the English kingdoms. License. For a time the Danes (Vikings) were more interested in Northumbria. Cite This Work (194). Mercia in Vikings & Legacy In the TV series Vikings , Mercia is depicted as a chaotic kingdom from whence Queen Kwenthryth escapes to ask Ecbert of Wessex for help in regaining her throne. Under the terms of this alliance, Aethelred II had to accept Alfred as his overlord and to secure the contract he married Alfred's daughter Aethelflaed (r. 911-918 CE). (The Vikings were helpful allies, but they’re even more helpful as boogeymen.) In actual history, none of these events took place. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred for their help against the Danes. Mercia itself had not been a proper, independent kingdom for many years. Eldest child of King Alfred of Wessex, Aethelflaed was cherished by her father and received an education normally reserved for a royal son. That aside, the dyke is an enduring symbol of Offa's power and supremacy in the region. According to one story, the peo… The Great Heathen Army (Old English: mycel hæþen here; Danish: Store Hedenske Hær), also known as the Great Danish Army, was a coalition of Scandinavian warriors mainly from Denmark, who invaded England in 865 AD. Independence was first lost in 879 CE when Ceolwulf II (r. 874-883 CE) submitted to Viking sovereignty and became their puppet king. Penda, son of Pybba, was the last of the pagan kings of Mercia, who elevated the kingdom to the most powerful in the region. Since the late 8th century, the Vikings had been engaging in raids on centres of wealth such as monasteries. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Alfred had defeated the Vikings in Wessex in 878 CE at the Battle of Eddington and secured his kingdom against future attacks through a system of burhs (fortified towns), a more efficient military, and the construction of a navy. Successor: Location: The Viking raids and subsequent settlements define the period known... Vikings (2013-present) is a historical fiction TV series created... Reign of King Cearl in Mercia; lands lost to Northumbria after. Reign of King Penda in Mercia; kingdom expands. She secured Mercia’s borders, founded towns and made it wealthy. The Vikings later withdrew to York. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Ceolwulf II was the last king of independent Mercia. King Ceolwulf II reigns in Mercia; Viking puppet-king. In January 878 Viking invaders swooped down on the palace at Chippenham in Wiltshire where Alfred and his family were staying. His reign is generally dated 874 to 879 based on a Mercian regnal list which gives him a reign of five years. However, he ends up taking over the kingdom himself, making him and his decedents the king of Wessex and Mercia. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. A charter of the Mercian king Offa records the need to prepare defences in Kent against the ‘pagan sailors’. 18 Apr 2021. First reign of King Wiglaf in Mercia; deposed by Egbert of Wessex. He is best known, however, for a marvel of medieval engineering: Offa's Dyke. Related Content Kingdom of Mercia. The dyke was probably built as a barrier to prevent or slow these invasions but any records of its purpose or construction have been lost; the only mention of Offa as the dyke's builder is from Asser (d. c. 909 CE), biographer of Alfred the Great. However, Mercia has been gradually weakening, while the Kingdom of Wessex is rising in power. Almost nothing is known of the reigns of the next two kings, Coenred (r. 704-709 CE), son of Wulfhere, and Ceolred (r. 709-716 CE), Aethelred I's son. World History Encyclopedia. In 825 CE, Egbert and his son Aethelwulf (r. 839-858 CE) defeated Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellandun and broke Mercian supremacy in the region forever. He lost territory in 752 CE to Cuthred of Wessex (r. 740-756 CE) who restored his kingdom's primacy in the region at Mercia's expense. Penda's religious beliefs were considered a significant factor in his victories. Penda defeated the West Saxon king Cynegils (r. 611-643 CE) at the Battle of Cirenchester in 628 CE and took the Severn Valley and Kingdom of Hwicce from Wessex. Religion: Books The next king, Creoda (r. c. 580-c.595 CE), gave away whatever holdings Mercia had to the east and these would develop into the Kingdom of East Anglia. The historical Cwenthryth was the daughter of King Coenwulf of Mercia and was an abbess at the parish village of Minster-in-Thanet who was involved in a dispute over rent with the Archbishop of Canterbury after her father's death in 821 CE. Travis Fimmel as Ragnar LothbrokHISTORY Channel (Copyright, fair use). He succeeded Burgred of Mercia who was deposed by the Vikings in 874. King Burgred reigns in Mercia; deposed by Viking army. Oswiu of Northumbria rules northern Mercia. 4 Best: Futuristic Alfred relied on Ecbert's wisdom to rule because the old king had the most futuristic mind of any leader. Mercia dominated what would later become England for three centuries, subsequently going into a gradual decline while Wessex eventually conquered and united all the kingdoms into the Kingdom of England. Tamworth Ethelfleda ruled Mercia … As a child, Kwenthrith was raped by her uncle Brihtwulf at the age of 6. Government: This is a barrier, surviving in the present as ruins, which runs along the border between Wales and England. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Although he seems to have been king as early as 515 CE, the date of Mercia's founding is given as 527 CE based on the 13th century CE chronicles known as the Flores Historiarum. Timeline: The Vikings. Edward sent his young son Aethelstan to the Mercian court in 900 CE to be raised by Aethelflaed while he continued his offensive against the Vikings in Wessex. When she died in 918 CE, she was briefly succeeded by her daughter Aelfwynn (r. 918 CE) before Edward annexed Mercia completely under his own reign. Language: His reign is generally dated 874 to 879 based on a Mercian regnal list which gives him a reign of five years. He was replaced by Ceolwulf II who was hand-picked by the Vikings as their puppet-king. Kwenthrith was a Princess, and the daughter of the late King Offa of Mercia. Last modified November 30, 2018. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. For its first 100 years, Mercia struggled to maintain its boundaries and defend its interests from neighboring kingdoms but that changed with the reign of Penda (r. c. 625-655 CE) who initiated the period of Mercian strength which reached its height under Offa (r. 757-796 CE), the greatest of the Mercian monarchs, best known for the 148-mile-long (238 km) dyke he had constructed along his border with the Welsh kingdoms. Coenwulf struggled to hold his southern territories against rebellions while maintaining his northern boundaries. The Danes did not fight but allowed the Mercians to pay them for peace. In 865 CE the Great Heathen Army of the Vikings landed at East Anglia and struck first at Northumbria before making their way back down south to Mercia. Mercian World History Encyclopedia. Statue of AethelflaedElliot Brown (CC BY). Brihtwulf would also bring other men to her so that they might, as she puts it, 'enjoy the pleasure o… Kingdom of Wessex By c. 794 CE he was so powerful that he was able to take control of East Anglia by ordering the death of their king and assuming his position; he did not even have to muster an army. Aethelflaed elevated Mercia from a junior partner to Wessex with her political and military acumen. Aethelred fell ill about this time and Aethelflaed took charge of the government, organizing the military defense of Chester against a major Viking attack in 907 CE. Peada, son of Penda, rules southern Mercia. Offa is considered the greatest king of Mercia and the most significant Anglo-Saxon monarch before the rise of Alfred the Great. Three years later, however, Inngimund and his Vikings attacked Chester, but were not able to overcome the defenders. Mercia The next year, 871, the great Viking army grew much larger. The Vikings were beaten by combined forces from the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex at the Battle of Tettenhall in present-day Staffordshire. The arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. Penda marched on Oswiu in November 655 CE but was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Winwaed. The Viking ‘Great Army’ landing occurred in East Anglia, in AD865, they made wide territorial gains and within ten years, Mercia and Northumbria succumbed, only Wessex was left.The establishment of the Vikings to the east of Wessex brought problems for its rulers. Mercia, (from Old English Merce, “People of the Marches [or Boundaries]”), one of the most powerful kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England; it held a position of dominance for much of the period from the mid-7th to the early 9th century despite struggles for power within the ruling dynasty. Beorhtwulf was succeeded by Burgred (r. 852-874 CE) who married Aethelwulf's daughter Aethelswith (c. 838-888 CE) to secure an alliance with Wessex against future Viking attacks. King Beornwulf reign in Mercia; loses supremacy to Mercia after. The Kingdom of Mercia (c. 527-879 CE) was an Anglo-Saxon political entity located in the midlands of present-day Britain and bordered on the south by the Kingdom of Wessex, on the west by Wales, north by Northumbria, and on the east by East Anglia. The oldest known record of its name comes from 1086, when the royal manor of Wadnesberie was noted in Domesday Book.The name is Old English ‘Woden’s Fort’, recalling the paramount god of the Anglo-Saxons, a pan-Germanic deity whom the Vikings knew as Odin. This may have resulted in the Battle of Chester in c. 616 CE and possibly involved Pybba's successor Cearl (r. c. 606 - c. 625 CE) about whose reign little is known (it is even unclear who he was or how he came to power). In Vikings Kwenthrith (played by Amy Bailey) was the Queen Regnant of Mercia in Anglo-Saxon England. Aethelred died in 911 CE and Aethelflaed succeeded him. In 873-74 Mercia was conquered by the heathen army. He was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf I (r. 821-823 CE) who seems to have failed at every aspect of kingship and was deposed by the nobleman Beornwulf (r. 823-826 CE). In 918AD, she succeeded where her father had failed by driving back the Saxon’s Viking enemies, reclaiming lost lands and bringing the Danelaw to its knees. Oswiu was overthrown and driven out by Wulfhere (r. 658-675 CE), one of Penda's sons, who ignored Northumbria and concentrated his efforts on the south. Between 892-896 CE, Aethelred was constantly fending off Hastein's attacks with the help of Alfred. Ancient History Encyclopedia has a new name! The last true independent king of Mercia, Burgred’s relatively long reign was blighted by regular Viking invasions. Aethelfrith of Northumbria (r. 593-616 CE) defeated the Welsh and their allies, including (possibly) Cearl. T he … At about the age of nine she received a different kind of education, in the harsh realities of her turbulent times. All of the kings who fought against him had been Christian and his unbroken record of military success argued for the supremacy of the pagan gods over the new Christian faith. Kingdom of Northumbria Egbert claimed the Mercian territories of Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Surrey and left Beornwulf only the center of his once great kingdom. From here they travelled great distances, mainly by sea and river – as far as North America to the west, Russia to the east, Lapland to the north and the Mediterranean World (Constantinople) and Iraq (Baghdad) to the south. 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